Free Essays on Music Of The 60s

THE LANGUAGE OF REVOLUTION The 1960’s were a time of civil and social upheaval. During this period the very fabric of what was America was being torn asunder by the call of justice. The search for justice was one of the primary reasons and perhaps the most influential of the reasons that started the revolution that was the student movement of the 60’s. In one of the most stirring statements of political philosophy that the world has ever seen: â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of happiness?That to secure these rights , Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, †¦That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organi zing powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.? With such a declaration as the basis of the country in which the protest was occurring there were several outside the realm of student revolutionaries who supported their cause. Hubert Humphrey once stated, â€Å"When we say, ‘One nation under God, with liberty and justice for all,?we are talking about all people. We either ought to believe it or quit saying it?2 During the 1960’s, a great number of people did, in fact, begin to believe in justice. These years were a time of great change for America. The country was literally redefined as people from all walks of life fought to uphold their standards on what they believed a true democracy is made of; equal rights for all races, freedom of speech, and the right to stay out of wars in which they felt they didn’t belong. In the tumult of revolution th... Free Essays on Music Of The 60s Free Essays on Music Of The 60s THE LANGUAGE OF REVOLUTION The 1960’s were a time of civil and social upheaval. During this period the very fabric of what was America was being torn asunder by the call of justice. The search for justice was one of the primary reasons and perhaps the most influential of the reasons that started the revolution that was the student movement of the 60’s. In one of the most stirring statements of political philosophy that the world has ever seen: â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of happiness?That to secure these rights , Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, †¦That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organi zing powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.? With such a declaration as the basis of the country in which the protest was occurring there were several outside the realm of student revolutionaries who supported their cause. Hubert Humphrey once stated, â€Å"When we say, ‘One nation under God, with liberty and justice for all,?we are talking about all people. We either ought to believe it or quit saying it?2 During the 1960’s, a great number of people did, in fact, begin to believe in justice. These years were a time of great change for America. The country was literally redefined as people from all walks of life fought to uphold their standards on what they believed a true democracy is made of; equal rights for all races, freedom of speech, and the right to stay out of wars in which they felt they didn’t belong. In the tumult of revolution th...

Equilibrium Constant of Electrochemical Cell Reaction

Equilibrium Constant of Electrochemical Cell Reaction The equilibrium constant of an electrochemical cells redox reaction can be calculated using the Nernst equation and the relationship between standard cell potential and free energy. This example problem shows how to find the equilibrium constant of a cells redox reaction. Problem The following two half-reactions are used to form an electrochemical cell:Oxidation:SO2(g) 2 H20(â„“) → SO4-(aq) 4 H(aq) 2 e-  Ã‚  E °ox -0.20 VReduction:Cr2O72-(aq) 14 H(aq) 6 e- → 2 Cr3(aq) 7 H2O(â„“)  Ã‚  E °red 1.33 VWhat is the equilibrium constant of the combined cell reaction at 25 C? Solution Step 1: Combine and balance the two half-reactions. The oxidation half-reaction produces 2 electrons and the reduction half-reaction needs 6 electrons. To balance the charge, the oxidation reaction must be multiplied by a factor of 3.3 SO2(g) 6 H20(â„“) → 3 SO4-(aq) 12 H(aq) 6 e- Cr2O72-(aq) 14 H(aq) 6 e- → 2 Cr3(aq) 7 H2O(â„“)3 SO2(g) Cr2O72-(aq) 2 H(aq) → 3 SO4-(aq) 2 Cr3(aq) H2O(â„“)By balancing the equation, we now know the total number of electrons exchanged in the reaction. This reaction exchanged six electrons. Step 2: Calculate the cell potential.This electrochemical cell EMF example problem shows how to calculate cell potential of a cell from standard reduction potentials.**E °cell E °ox E °redE °cell -0.20 V 1.33 VE °cell 1.13 VStep 3: Find the equilibrium constant, K.When a reaction is at equilibrium, the change in free energy is equal to zero. The change in free energy of an electrochemical cell is related to the cell potential of the equation:ΔG -nFEcellwhereΔG is the free energy of the reactionn is the number of moles of electrons exchanged in the reactionF is Faradays constant (96484.56 C/mol)E is the cell potential. The cell potential and free energy example shows how to calculate free energy of a redox reaction.If ΔG 0:, solve for Ecell0 -nFEcellEcell 0 VThis means, at equilibrium, the potential of the cell is zero. The reaction progresses forward and backward at the same rate, meaning there is no net electron flow. With no electron flow, there is no current and the potential is equal to zero.Now there is enough information known to use the Nernst equation to find the equilibrium constant.The Nernst equation is:Ecell E °cell - (RT/nF) x log10QwhereEcell is the cell potentialE °cell refers to standard cell potentialR is the gas constant (8.3145 J/mol ·K)T is the absolute temperaturen is the number of moles of electrons transferred by the cells reactionF is Faradays constant (96484.56 C/mol)Q is the reaction quotient**The Nernst equation example problem shows how to use the Nernst equation to calculate cell potential of a non-standard cell.**At equilibrium, the reaction quotient Q i s the equilibrium constant, K. This makes the equation:Ecell E °cell - (RT/nF) x log10KFrom above, we know the following:Ecell 0 VE °cell 1.13 VR 8.3145 J/mol ·KT 25 degC 298.15 KF 96484.56 C/moln 6 (six electrons are transferred in the reaction)Solve for K:0 1.13 V - [(8.3145 J/mol ·K x 298.15 K)/(6 x 96484.56 C/mol)]log10K-1.13 V - (0.004 V)log10Klog10K 282.5K 10282.5K 10282.5 100.5 x 10282K 3.16 x 10282Answer:The equilibrium constant of the cells redox reaction is 3.16 x 10282.